However, it also is understood that runways can in effect "wear out" over time, and may require complete removal and replacement with a new multilayered runway in its place. The most distinguishing characteristic of modern runways, however, is the need for them to accept increasingly heavy aircraft slamming down upon them and taxiing on and off at many points along their length. The Airbus A is certificated to take off at a weight of over 1 million pounds. Aircraft weighing over well over , pounds at landing are the norm rather than the exception at major international airports.
To handle such incredible loads on a regular basis -- not to mention temperature extremes in many locations that can easily lead to "spalling" surface erosion if not accounted for in the materials used -- runways must be built with care and precision. A notorious instance of lowest-bidder preference or penny-wise, pound-foolish thinking some years ago resulted in a fighter base needing virtually an entire runway torn out and replaced when its rebuilt runway started showing serious damage almost immediately upon its re-opening.
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