Originating probably from the Latin title of Caesar, the title of tsar was nevertheless widely used in the Tatar political culture. It is not clear where from Russians took the title, but in , Ivan the Terrible became the first Russian tsar. But the complete official title of the Russian sovereign was, however, much much longer. Here is the complete title of Alexey Mikhailovich :. The title was abolished under Peter the Great and substituted for the title of the Emperor of All Russia.
After that, there was a short period of uncertainty about who actually was the head of executive power in Russia. It soon became clear that the leader was the head of the Provisional Government of the short-lived Russian Republic, that replaced the Russian Empire and was formally established on September 1, Village and factory soviets, district, county, and regional soviets, each had their executive soviet.
Its first Chairman Premier was Vladimir Lenin Later, Alexey Rykov and Vyacheslav Molotov took up this post, before Joseph Stalin renamed the position to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union in But, after , in reality, the highest post in the hierarchy was the one which controlled the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. After several years of underground political intrigues, repressions, and overall power struggle, Iosif Stalin managed to maintain a steady grip over the political situation in the USSR, eliminate or remove his opponents and install a strict totalitarian regime.
New Word List Word List. Save This Word! See synonyms for czar on Thesaurus. We could talk until we're blue in the face about this quiz on words for the color "blue," but we think you should take the quiz and find out if you're a whiz at these colorful terms.
Words nearby czar cytozoon , cyturia , cywydd , Cyzicus , CZ , czar , czardas , czardom , czarevitch , czarevna , czarina. It was administered by a lay director, or Ober-Procurator. The Synod changed in composition over time, but basically it remained a committee of churchmen headed by a lay appointee of the emperor. Furthermore, a new ecclesiastic educational system was begun under Peter. It aimed to improve the usually very poor education of local priests and monks.
However, the curriculum was so westernized emphasis on Latin language and subjects for the price of limited exposure to Greek, the Eastern Church Fathers, and Russian and Slavonic church languages that monks and priests, while being formally educated, received poor training in preparation for a ministry to a Russian-speaking population steeped in the traditions of Eastern Orthodoxy.
The fortress was the first brick and stone building of the new projected capital city of Russia and the original citadel of what would eventually be Saint Petersburg.
The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia, and tens of thousands of serfs died building it. Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in , but referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital or seat of government as early as Saint Petersburg is still the most Westernized city in and the cultural capital of Russia.
Peter had two wives, with whom he had fourteen children, but only three survived to adulthood. Upon his return from his European tour in , he sought to end his unhappy arranged marriage to Eudoxia Lopukhina. He divorced the tsaritsa and forced her into joining a convent. Only one child from the marriage, Tsarevich Alexei, survived past his childhood. In , Peter formally married his long-time mistress, Martha Skavronskaya, who upon her conversion to the Russian Orthodox church took the name Catherine.
Peter suspected his eldest child and heir, Alexei, of being involved in a plot to overthrow the emperor. Alexei was tried and confessed under torture during questioning conducted by a secular court. He was convicted and sentenced to be executed. He died a year later without naming a successor. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. The Rise of Nation-States.
Search for:. The Modernization of Russia. Knowing that Russia could not face the Ottoman Empire alone, in Peter traveled incognito to Europe with the so-called Grand Embassy to seek the aid of the European monarchs. The European trip, although politically a failure, exposed Peter to Western European artists, scientists, craftsmen, and noble families.
This broadened his intellectual horizons and convinced him that Russia should follow Western Europe in certain respects. It was a condition of bondage that developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the midth century. Peter the Great as a child, artist unknown. The Westernization of Russia In order to modernize a socially and economically lagging Russia, Peter the Great introduced sweeping social, administrative, and economic reforms that westernized Russia to a certain extent, yet did not alter deeply feudal divisions in the increasingly authoritarian state.
Learning Objectives Discuss the reasons why Peter worked so hard to forcibly westernize Russia. Key Takeaways Key Points In his effort to modernize Russia, the largest state in the world, but one that was economically and socially lagging, Peter introduced autocracy and played a major role in introducing his country to the European state system. His social reforms included the requirement of Western fashion in his court including facial hair for men , attempts to end arranged marriages, and the introduction of the Julian Calendar in He did this by imposing taxes and services on them as well as introducing comprehensive administrative reforms that opened civil service to commoners.
However, sharp class divisions, including the already tragic fate of serfs, only deepened. Tax and trade reforms enabled the Russian state to expand its treasury almost sixfold between and Overall, Peter created a state that further legitimized and strengthened authoritarian rule in Russia. Key Terms Table of Ranks : A formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia.
Peter the Great introduced the system in while engaged in a struggle with the existing hereditary nobility, or boyars. It was formally abolished in by the newly established Bolshevik government.
Their legal status was close to that of serfs but in reality closest to that of slaves. The departments were housed in Saint Petersburg. Peter the Great by Jean-Marc Nattier, A manuscript copy of the Table of Ranks. While his efforts to gain access to the Azov Sea eventually failed, his alliance with the Ottoman Empire against Persia allowed him to access the Caspian Sea.
As a result of this war, Russia gained vast Baltic territories and became one of the greatest powers in Europe. He secured formerly Polish-Lithuanian territories in Ukraine and had an impact on internal politics in the Commonwealth. It shifted the balance of power in the Baltic region from Sweden to Russia. The region of Zaporizhian Sich, Siverian lands, cities of Chernihiv, Starodub, Smolensk, and its outskirts were also ceded to Russia, while Poland retained right-bank Ukraine.
Log in Sign Up. Save Word. Definition of czar. Synonyms for czar Synonyms baron , captain , king , lion , lord , magnate , mogul , monarch , Napoleon , prince , tycoon Visit the Thesaurus for More. Examples of czar in a Sentence a showbiz czar who is said to be able to make or break a career. Recent Examples on the Web His title only hints at his status as the chip czar at Apple.
Mack, The Indianapolis Star , 8 Oct. Templeton, Forbes , 10 Mar. Sanger, New York Times , 27 Jan. First Known Use of czar , in the meaning defined at sense 1.
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