The central idea of a wiki -- whether it's driving Wikipedia or C2 -- is that anyone can add or edit a page, but those pages all live on servers that someone else owns and controls. Cunningham now believes that no one should have that sort of central control, so he has built something called the federated wiki. This new creation taps into the communal ethos fostered by GitHub , a place where software developers can not only collaborate on software projects but also instantly "fork" these projects, spawning entirely new collaborations.
Over the years, developers have written over 35, pages of content on C2, all of which reside on Cunningham's server instead of on servers controlled by the author. When you contribute to someone else's wiki, you risk losing all your changes if that site goes down.
It also means you have to play by someone else's edit rules. There's nothing stopping you from copying and pasting your contributions from a wiki, or starting your wiki if you don't like someone else's edits.
But it can be hard to attract an audience. The history of wikis dates from , when Ward Cunningham invented the concept and gave it its name. Before , however, there were several historical antecedents to wikis, including Vannevar Bush's proposed "memex" system in , the collaborative hypertext database ZOG in , and the Apple hypertext system HyperCard in ; though the creation of true wikis only became possible with the development of the World Wide Web in the early s.
Cunningham created the first wiki in , and released it in , in order to facilitate communication between software developers. The website met with success, and began to spawn alternative wiki applications and websites over the next five years. In the meantime, the first wiki, now known as "WardsWiki," evolved as features were added to the software and as the growing body of users developed a unique "wiki culture". By , WardsWiki had developed a great deal of content outside of its original stated purpose, which led to the spinoff of content into sister sites, most notably, MeatballWiki.
The website [ [1] ], a free content encyclopedia, was launched in January, , and quickly became the most popular wiki, as it remains to this day. There now exist millions of wiki websites. Developers at the time were forced to deal with ever increasing levels of confusion when trying to build web sites, sometimes to the extent of building two different but effectively duplicate sites for the two main browsers, and other times just choosing to support only one browser and block others from using their sites.
This was a terrible way of working, and the inevitable backlash from developers was not far away. However, the W3C did not and still do not enforce their recommendations. Manufacturers only had to conform to the W3C documents if they wished to label their products as W3C-compliant.
In practice, this was not a valuable selling point as almost all users of the web did not know, nor probably care, who the W3C were this is still the case, to a large extent. Consequently, the browser wars of the nineties continued unabated. In , the browser market was dominated by Internet Explorer 4 and Netscape Navigator 4. A beta version of Internet Explorer 5 was then released, and it implemented a new and proprietary dynamic HTML, which meant that professional web developers needed to know five different ways of writing JavaScript.
As a result, a group of professional web developers and designers banded together. The idea was that by calling the W3C documents standards rather than recommendations, they might be able to convince Microsoft and Netscape to support them. The early method of spreading the call to action was to use a traditional advertising technique called a roadblock, where a company would take out an advert on all broadcast channels at the same time, so no matter how a viewer would flick between channels, they would get exactly the same message.
The WaSP published an article simultaneously on various web development focused sites including builder. Another technique the WaSP used was to ridicule the companies involved with the W3C and other standards bodies that focused more on creating new, often self-serving, features rather than working to get the basic existing standards supported correctly in their products to start with this includes some browser companies that shall remain nameless here. This doesn't mean that the WaSP ridiculed the W3C themselves, rather they ridiculed the companies that became W3C members and then misbehaved.
The W3C has a few full time staff, but most of the people who work on the standards are volunteers from member companies, eg Microsoft, Opera, Mozilla, Apple, Google, IBM and Adobe, to name a few of the bigger ones. This was a very important milestone, it being the default browser installed with the Mac OS at the time, and having a reasonable level of support for the W3C recommendations too. Along with Opera's decent level of support for CSS and HTML, it contributed to a general positive movement, where web developers and designers finally felt comfortable designing sites using web standards, as they knew they would work to a reasonable level across multiple browsers.
The WaSP persuaded Netscape to postpone the release of the 5. The WaSP also created a Dreamweaver Task Force to encourage Macromedia to change their popular web authoring tool to encourage and support the creation of compliant sites. The popular web development site A List Apart was redesigned early in and in an article describing how and why, stated:.
In six months, a year, or two years at most, all sites will be designed with these standards. That was a little optimistic — not all sites, even in , are built with web standards. WikiLeaks considers itself a library , as its site claims to have released more than 10 million documents. This site is no stranger to news media. Founded in , the site began to receive coverage—and plenty of criticism—when it leaked a Army manual detailing interrogation techniques at the prison in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
Other famous leaks include the release of stolen Democratic National Committee emails that some claim irrevocably altered the course of the election. Despite the similar name and look of its website, WikiLeaks is not affiliated in any way with Wikipedia. Founded in , Wikipedia is a massive, online encyclopedia operating in more than languages. The free site is run by volunteers the English site claims about , active editors and scores more who are merely registered , who review and update all its entries.
An estimated 21 updates are made every minute, on average.
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